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Statements:
All pencils are birds.
All birds are skies.
All skies are hills.
Conclusions:
I. All pencils are hills.
II. All hills are birds
III. All skies are pencils.
IV. All birds are hills.
AOnly I and II follow
BOnly I and III follow
COnly III and IV follow
DAll follow
ENone of these
Answer: Option E
Explanation:All pencils are birds. All birds are skies.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative (A-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All pencils are skies'.
All birds are skies. All skies are hills.
As discussed above, it follows that 'All birds are hills'. Thus, IV follows.
All pencils are skies. All skies are hills.
Clearly, it follows that 'All pencils are hills'. Thus, I follows.
Hence, I and IV follow.
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12 / 20
Statements:
All benches are desks.
Some desks are roads.
All roads are pillars.
Conclusions:
I. Some pillars are benches.
II. Some pillars are desks.
III. Some roads are benches.
IV. No pillar is bench.
ANone follows
BOnly either I or IV, and III follow
COnly either I or IV follows
DOnly either I or IV, and II follow
EAll follow
Answer: Option D
Explanation:All benches are desks. Some desks are roads.
Since the middle term 'desks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
Some desks are roads. All roads are pillars.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some desks are pillars'. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
All benches are desks. Some desks are pillars.
Since the middle term 'desks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and IV involve the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. So, either I or IV follows.
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13 / 20
Statements:
No tree is fruit.
All fruits are stones.
All stones are rains.
Conclusions:
I. No stone is tree.
II. No rain is tree.
III. Some rains are fruits.
IV. Some rains are trees.
AOnly either II or III, and I follow
BNone follows
COnly either II or IV, and III follow
DAll follow
ENone of these
Answer: Option C
Explanation:No tree is fruit. All fruits are stones.
Since the middle term 'fruits' is distributed twice, the conclusion must be particular.
Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that
'Some stones are not trees'.
All fruits are stones. All stones are rains.
Clearly, it follows that 'All fruits are rains'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
No tree is fruit, All fruits are rains.
As discussed above, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some rains are not trees'. However, II and IV involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either II or IV follows.
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14 / 20
Statements:
All players are spectators.
Some spectators are theatres.
Some theatres are dramas.
Conclusions:
I. Some dramas are spectators.
II. Some players are dramas.
III. Some theatres are players.
IV. All spectators are players.
ANone follows
BOnly I and III follow
COnly II follows
DOnly II and IV follow
EAll follow
Answer: Option A
Explanation:All players are spectators. Some spectators are theatres.
Since the middle term 'spectators' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
Some spectators are theatres. Some theatres are dramas.
Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.
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15 / 20
Statements:
All jungles are buses.
All books are buses.
All fruits are books.
Conclusions:
I. Some fruits are jungles.
II. Some buses are books.
III. Some buses are jungles.
IV. All fruits are buses.
AOnly I, II and III follow
BOnly I, II and IV follow
COnly II, III and IV follow
DAll follow
ENone of these
Answer: Option C
Explanation:III is the converse of the first premise and II is the converse of the second premise.
So, both of them hold.
All fruits are books. All books are buses.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All fruits are buses'. Thus, IV follows.
All jungles are buses. All books are buses.
Since the middle term 'buses' is not distributed ever once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
All fruits are buses. All books are buses.
As discussed above, no definite conclusion can be drawn.
All jungles are buses. All fruits are buses.
Again, no definite conclusion follows.
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16 / 20
Statements:
All doors are roads.
No road is fruit.
Some flowers are doors.
Conclusions:
I. Some fruits are doors.
II. Some fruits are flowers.
III. Some roads are flowers.
IV. No fruit is flower.
AOnly either II or III, and IV follow
BOnly either II or IV, and III follow
COnly either II or IV, and I follow
DOnly either II or IV follows
EAll follow
Answer: Option B
Explanation:All doors are roads. No road is fruit.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No door is fruit.'
Some flowers are doors. All doors are roads.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some flowers are roads'. Ill is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
Some flowers are roads. No road is fruit.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some flowers are not fruits'. II and IV involve the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either II or IV follows.
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17 / 20
Statements:
All needles are threads.
All threads are boxes.
All trees are boxes.
Conclusions:
I. No needle is tree.
II. Some trees are threads.
III. Some boxes are needles.
IV. Some trees are needles.
ANone follows
BOnly either I or IV follows
COnly either I or IV, and II follow
DOnly III follows
EOnly either I or IV, and III follow
Answer: Option E
Explanation:All needles are threads. All threads are boxes.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative (A-type) and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All needles are boxes'. III is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
All threads are boxes. All trees are boxes.
Since the middle term 'boxes' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
All needles are boxes. All trees are boxes.
Again, since the middle term 'boxes' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion can be drawn. However, I and IV involve the extreme terms of these two statements and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or IV follows.
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Statements:
No house is school.
All colleges are schools.
All schools are teachers.
Conclusions:
I. No house is teacher.
II. All colleges are teachers.
III. Some teachers are not houses.
IV. No college is house.
ANone follows
BOnly either I or IV follows
COnly II, III and IV follow
DAll follow
EOnly either I or IV, and III follow
Answer: Option C
Explanation:All colleges are schools. No house is school.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No college is house'. Thus, IV follows.
All colleges are schools. All schools are teachers.
Clearly, it follows that 'All colleges are teachers'. Thus, II follows.
No house is school. All schools are teachers.
Since the middle term 'schools' is distributed twice, the conclusion must be particular.
Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that 'Some teachers are not houses'
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Statements:
Some pearls are stones.
Some stones are diamonds.
No diamond is a gem.
Conclusions:
I. Some gems are pearls.
II. Some gems are diamonds.
III. No gem is a diamond.
IV. No gem is a pearl.
AOnly I and II follow
BOnly III and IV follow
COnly either I or IV and either II or III follow
DOnly III and either I or IV follow
ENone of these
Answer: Option D
Explanation:III is the converse of the third premise and so it holds.
Some pearls are stones. Some stones are diamonds.
Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.
Some stones are diamonds. No diamond is a gem.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some stones are not gems'.
However, I and IV involve the extreme terms of the three premises and form a complementary pair, Thus, either I or IV follows.
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20 / 20
Statements:
All myths are fictions.
No fiction is novel.
All novels are stories.
Conclusions:
I. No myth is novel.
II. Some fictions are novels.
III. Some fictions are myths.
IV. Some myths are novels.
AOnly either I or II and both III and IV follow
BOnly either I or IV and II follow
COnly either I or IV and both II and III follow
DAll follow
ENone of these
Answer: Option E
Explanation:III is the converse of first premise and so it holds.
All myths are fictions. No fiction is novel.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No myth is novel'. Thus, I follows.
No fiction is novel. All novels are stories.
Since the middle term 'novels' is distributed twice in the premises, the conclusion must be particular. Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.
So, it follows that 'Some stories are not fictions'.
Hence, only I and III follow.
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