A critical section is a code segment that access shared variables and has to be executed as an atomic action.
It means that in a group of cooperating processes, at a given point of time, only one process must be executing its critical section, If any other process also wants to execute its critical section, it must wait until the first one finishes.
NOTE: Only those processes can enter the critical section which are using the shared variables, and not those which are independent.
Workspace
NA
SHSTTON
96
Solv. Corr.
64
Solv. In. Corr.
160
Attempted
0 M:8 S
Avg. Time
4 / 16
Choose the correct option.
The process in which OS saves all data associated with current process and switches over to the next is called
The correct option is Option C, ie., context switching.
Context Switching means switching of CPU to another process, i.e., saving the state of old process and loading saved data for new process.
In context switching, the process is stored in PCB(Process Control Block), to serve the new process, so that the old process can be resumed from the same part it was left.
Background processes are also known as Daemon processes.It runs
in the background without keyboard input and waits till keyboard input is
required. Thus, other processes can be done in parallel with the process running in background since they do not have to wait for the previous process
to be completed.
Adding & along with the command starts it as a background process
$ pwd &
Since pwd does not wants any
input from the keyboard, it goes to the stop state until moved to the
foreground and given any data input. Thus, on pressing Enter,
Output:
[1] + Done pwd
$
That
first line contains information about the background process – the job number
and the process ID. It tells you that the ls command background process
finishes successfully.
Workspace
NA
SHSTTON
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Solv. Corr.
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Solv. In. Corr.
146
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0 M:0 S
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6 / 16
Choose the correct option.
An optimal scheduling algorithm in terms of minimizing the average waiting time of a given set of processes is ________.
FIrst Come First Serve(FCFS) scheduling algorithms can cause long waiting times, especially when the first job takes too much CPU time.
In the case of Round Robin(RR), if the time quantum is large, it will result to starvation, because other processes will have to wait for a long time to execute.
Only SJF or Shortest Job First scheduling algorithm is optimal in terms of average waiting time for a given set of processes i.e., average waiting time is minimum in this scheduling algorithm. In SJF, processes which have the shortest burst time are scheduled first. It is a non-preemptive scheduling algorithm.
There are processors which take 4,1,8,1 machine cycles respectively. If these are executed in round robin fashion with a time quantum of 4, what is the time it take for process 4 to complete.
The main disadvantage of the semaphore is that it requires busy waiting. While a process is in its critical section, any other process that tries to enter its critical section must loop continuosly in the entry code. This continual looping is clearly a problem in a real multiprogramming system, where a single CPU is shared among many processes. Busy waiting wastes CPU cycles that some other process might be able to use productively. This type of semaphore is also called a spin lock because the process "spins" while waiting for the lock.
Banker's algorithm is a deadlock avoidance technique.
In this algorithm , process requests only one resource at a time, and the request is granted only if it results in a safe state. The system is said to be in a safe state if there exists a sequence of other valid system states that leads to the successful completion of all processes.
If the request results in an unsafe state, the request is denied and the process continues to hold resources until such time as it's request can be met.
In a finite amount of time, all requests will be granted.
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