Shortest Job First(SJF) scheduling: The basic principle of SJF algorithm is to allocate the CPU to the process with least CPU burst time. The processes are available in the ready queue. CPU is always assigned to the process with least CPU burst time requirements.
Example-
Process
CPU burst time
P1
5
P2
10
P3
8
P4
3
Since, the process with smallest CPU burst time is executed first, so these processes would be scheduled in P4 --> P1 --> P3 --> P2 order. SO, average waiting time = (0+3+8+16) / 4 = 6.75 ms.
SJF is an optimal algorithm since this algorithm gives minimum average waiting rime.
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The register context and stacks of a thread are deallocated when the thread
Any integer(non negative) can act as semaphore. Semaphores are used for counting tasks such as creating a critical region that allows a specified number of threads to enter. For example, if we want at most four threads to be able to enter a section, we could protect it with a semaphore and initialize that semaphore to four.The first four threads will be able to decrement the semaphore and enter the region, but at that point, the semaphore will be zero and any other thread will be blocked from outside the critical region until one of the current threads leaves and signals the semaphore.
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A thread is
Alightweight process where the context switching is low
Blightweight process where the context swithching is high
A process can be both single threaded as well as multithreaded.
Single threaded processes contain the execution of instructions in a single sequence i.e, one command processes at a time.
On the other hand, multithreaded processes allow the execution of multiple parts of a program at the same time. These are lightweight processes available within the process.
The correct answer will be Real time system, as they are subjected to response time. They can never miss the deadline as missing the deadline may lead to a disastrous consequence. In other words, the system reads information from sensors and must respond within a fixed amount of time to ensure correct performance. The usefulness of the result produced by realtime system decreases abruptly with respect to how late it takes to complete the task.
Example: Flight controller system
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For a 25MHz processor , what is the time taken by the instruction which needs 3 clock cycles,
A process has code, data, heap and stack segments. Now, the Instruction Pointer (IP) of a thread or threads points to the code segment of the process. The data and heap segments are shared by all the threads. On the other hand, the stack area is an area created by the process just for its thread to use, because stacks can be used in a much faster way than heaps. The stack area of the process is divided among threads, i.e. if there are 3 threads, then the stack area of the process is divided into 3 parts and each is given to the 3 threads. In other words, when we say that each thread has its own stack, that stack is actually a part of the process stack area allocated to each thread. When a thread finishes its execution, the stack of the thread is reclaimed by the process. In fact, not only the stack of a process is divided among threads, but all the set of registers that a thread uses like Stack Pointer, Program Counter and state registers are the registers of the process. So when it comes to sharing, the code, data and heap areas are shared, while the stack area is just divided among threads.
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If one thread opens a file with read privileges then
Aother threads in the another process can also read from that file
Bother threads in the same process can also read from that file
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